国际贸易理论与商务的重点是什么

发布网友 发布时间：2022-04-21 21:46

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热心网友 时间：2023-08-14 18:06

　　第八章
　　1、What is economic integration? 什么是经济一体化？
　　It involves agreements among countries to establish links through the movements of goods, services, and factors of proction across borders
　　各国通过协议联合在一起，建立了以商品、服务和生产要素跨越国界进行自由流动为内容的联盟。
　　Level of economic integration经济一体化的层次
　　The free trade area 自由贸易区
　　The customers union 关税同盟
　　The common market 共同市场
　　The economic union 竞技联盟
　　2、Free Trade Area 自由贸易区
　　The free trade area is the least restrictive and loosest form of economic integration among countries 自由贸易区是较为松散、岁成员约束力最小的一体化组织。
　　All barriers to trade among member countries are removed
　　消除了成员国之间的全部贸易壁垒
　　No discriminatory taxes, quotas, tariffs, or other trade barriers are allowed
　　不存在任何歧视性税收*、配额、关税和其他贸易壁垒
　　Sometimes a free trade area is formed only for certain classes of goods and services
　　在某些情况下，可以针对特定的商品和服务设立自由贸易区
　　Each member is free to set any tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions that it chooses on trade with countries outside the free trade area
　　各成员国对非成员国可以自由设置关税、配额或其他*性措施
　　3、Custom Union 关税同盟
　　The customs union is one step further along the spectrum of economic integration.
　　关税同盟在经济一体化程度又前进了一步
　　Members of a customs union dismantle barriers to trade in goods and services among themselves关税同盟的成员国取消了各成员国之间的商品和服务贸易壁垒
　　Customs Union establishes a common trade policy with respect to nonmembers(e.g., a common external tariff)关税同盟好需要建立与非成员国之间的共同贸易*。
　　4、The Common Market共同市场
　　Factors of proction, including labor, capital, and technology are freely mobile among members 共同市场还允许生产要素在各成员国之间的自由流动，这些生产要素包括劳动力、资本和技术
　　The restrictions on immigration, emigration, and cross-border investment are abolished.
　　取消了对移民和*投资设置的**
　　Members of a common market must be prepared to cooperate closely in monetary, fiscal, and employment policies 各成员国必须准备随时在货币、财政和就业*方面惊醒紧密的合作
　　5、The Economic Union 经济联盟
　　It requires integration of economic policies in addition to the free movement of goods, services and factors of proction across borders.
　　经济联盟不仅需要实现商品、货物和生产要素的*界自由流动，更重要的在于经济*的一体化
　　Members would harmonize monetary policies, taxation, and government spending
　　各成员国在货币*、税收和*财政支出方面相互协调
　　A common currency would be used by all members 要求过成员国采用统一的货币

　　第十章
　　1、International and Domestic Research 国际市场调研
　　New parameters in international business environment 国际商务环境仲的新参数
　　Duties 关税
　　Foreign currencies 国外的资本
　　Different modes of transportation 不同的运输方式
　　International documentation 国际单证
　　Differing modes of operating internationally 国际化经营的不同模式
　　New environmental factors 新的环境要素
　　The culture of the host country 东道国的文化
　　Political systems and level of stability *体系及其稳定性
　　Legal issues 法律事项
　　Technological level 技术层次
　　Broader definition of competition 竞争定义的广泛性
　　2、The major reasons for reluctant to engage in international research
　　不愿进行国际市场调研活动的主要原因
　　Lack of sensitivity to differences in culture and customer needs
　　他们对文化、消费者的偏好以及市场总需求的差异缺乏敏感性
　　A limited appreciation for the different environments abroad 对国外不同环境认识的有限性
　　Lack of familiarity with national and international data sources and inability to use
　　不熟悉本国以及国际数据的来源，或无法正确使用他们获得的国际市场数据
　　Use business experience in a country as a substitute for organized research
　　把一个国家中进行实际商务活动是获得的经验作为市场调研的替代物
　　3、Identifying Sources of Data 确定数据来源
　　Macro data 宏观数据
　　Tariff information 关税信息
　　Host country export/import data 东道国进出口数据
　　Nontariff measures 非关税措施
　　Foreign export/import data 国外进出口数据
　　Data on government trade policy 有关*贸易*的资料
　　Micro data 微观数据
　　Local laws and regulations 当地的法律和规定
　　Size of market 市场规模
　　Local standards and specifications 当地的标准规范
　　Distribution system 分销体系
　　Competitive activity 竞争性活动
　　Secondary data 二手数据
　　That is information already has been collected by some other organization such as governments, international institutions, service organizations, trade associations, directories and electronic information services

　　Selection of secondary data 二手数据挑选
　　Quality of source 信息来源的质量
　　Recency 时效性
　　Relevance to the task at hand 相关性
　　Interpretation and analysis of secondary data对二手数据的解释和分析
　　It can be used only as proxy information只能作为中间信息
　　A consistency check must be concted 对一致性进行监督
　　The results should be cross-checked 结果必须被核对
　　4、Three Mechanisms for Building an Information System 建立信息系统是三种机制
　　Environmental scanning activities provide continues information on political, social, and economic affairs internationally, on changes of attitudes of public institutions and private citizens and on possible upcoming alterations.
　　环境扫描活动可以随时提供有关*、社会和经济事务方面的信息，公共机构和个人的态度方面的裱花以及可能发生的变化和调整
　　Delphi studies are a means for aggregating the judgments of a number of experts who cannot come together physically. This type of research clearly aims at qualitative measures by seeking a consensus from those who know rather than average responses from many people with only limited knowledge
　　德尔菲研究是把众多判断集中在一起，而不需要把这些专家真正集中到一起，它属于一种定性研究方法，其主要思路是在众多专家的意见中寻找一致性结论，而不是早众多一般性被调查对象中寻找一般性结论。
　　Scenario building 脚本设计

　　第十一章
　　1、Motivations to Go Abroad 关于动机的探讨

　　Proactive Motivation 主动性动机
　　Profit advantage 利润优势
　　Unique procts 独特的商品
　　Technological advantage 技术优势
　　Exclusive information 专有信息
　　Managerial commitment 管理的投入
　　Tax benefit 税务的优惠
　　Economies of scale 规模经济
　　Reactive Motivation 反应性动机（被动性动机）
　　Competitive pressures 竞争压力
　　Overproction 生产过度
　　Declining domestic sales 国内销售量下降
　　Excess capacity 生产能力过剩
　　Saturated domestic markets 国内市场饱和
　　Proximity to customers and ports 接近消费者和港口
　　2、Alternative Entry Strategies 国际市场的进入战略
　　Import and Export 进口和出口
　　Licensing 许可经营
　　FDI 特许加盟
　　Management Contract 管理合同（经营合同）
　　Turnkey Operations 交钥匙工程
　　Import